Vol. 8, Issue 1, Part C (2025)

Background: Oral cancer constitutes a significant health burden in India, accounting for nearly 40% of all cancer cases. Early detection of premalignant lesions such as Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) and Oral Epithelial Dysplasia (OED) is crucial for preventing progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study evaluates the histopathological spectrum of OPMDs and OED in a tertiary healthcare center in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 552 biopsy samples from the oral cavity, collected over three years, was conducted. Out of these, 127 cases were histologically diagnosed with OPMDs and OEDs. Demographic data, clinical features, lesion sites, and histopathological grading were documented and analyzed.

Results: OED was the most common lesion, accounting for 73.2% of cases, and OPMDs (14.1%). Males (72.4%) were significantly more affected than females (27.5%), with the highest incidence in the 40-50-year age group. Buccal mucosa was the most frequently involved site (65.35%). Leukoplakia was the predominant OPMD (44%). Among OEDs, moderate dysplasia was most common (35.4%), followed closely by mild (33.3%) and severe (31.1%) forms.

Conclusion: The study underscores the high prevalence of OED and OPMDs in middle-aged males with tobacco-related habits, emphasizing the critical role of early histopathological screening. Targeted public health strategies and routine oral examinations in high-risk populations are essential to mitigate the burden of oral cancer.